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Lactic Acid

Lactic Acid

Lactic Acid

Lactic acid Benefits & Features

    • Lactic acid is known for its strong exfoliation action. (Huey-Chun Huang, Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Acid for Skin Health and Melanogenesis Inhibition, 2020)
    • When compared to its other members of the AHA family, the unique thing about lactic acid is that it moisturizes the skin. (Spada F, Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin’s own natural moisturizing systems, 2018)
    • A little-known fact is that lactic acid is also an antioxidant.; it can squelch heavy metals that may be present in water, preventing them from attacking healthy cells and releasing collagen-degrading enzymes. (MDPI), (Yuki YAMAMOTO, 2006), (Barbara Algiert-Zielińska MSc, 2018)
    • Lactic acid can prove to be particularly helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and helping you even out your skin tone, primarily due to its exfoliation properties. (SURGEONS, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC)
    • Lactic Acid Can Significantly Reduce Breakouts and Fine Lines. (Today Medical News)
    • Lactic acid strengthens skin’s barrier by encouraging it to make more ceramides, a key component of healthy skin. (Fabrizio Spada 1, 2018) 
    • Lactic acid and glycolic acid often are used to treat acne. (Sheau-Chung Tang1, Dual Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Skin, 2018)
    • Lactic acid used to treat keratosis pilaris, a.k.a. “chicken bumps” that appear on the backs of your arms or on the legs. (MIGALA, 2020)
    • Lactic acid as an effective antimicrobial. It works alongside them as a treatment for moderate skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and acne. (WebMD Editorial Contributors,Dan Brennan, MD, 2021)
    • Overall, according to the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) some of the potential benefits of using lactic acid on the skin include: (US Food & Drug Administration, 2022)
    • Sloughing away accumulated dead skin cells.
    • Increasing cell turnover.
    • Removing acne causing bacteria.
    • Improving skin tone and texture.
    • Smoothing fine lines and surface wrinkles.
    • Unblocking and cleansing pores.

Lactic Acid

Lactic Acid Benefits & Features Lactic Acid Info: Our Product with Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Research Findings Chemical Compounds in Lactic Acid: Lactic Acid Benefits for Face Lactic Acid Benefits for Skin How to Use: Precaution: Frequently Asked Questions:  Suggested Research Papers for Further Reading: References:

Lactic Acid Info:

INCI: Lactic Acid

Also known as 2-hydroxypropionic acid

CAS Number:50-21-5 (Specialchem)

CosIng Information: 34809

Appearance: Liquid

Odour: Sweet



Rosehip Seed

It’s said that Cleopatra, the beautiful Egyptian queen, would bathe only with milk. Well, turns out she probably did it to maintain her beauty. She might have discovered the power of lactic acid before all of us!

Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele was the first to isolate the compound from sour milk, and in the late 1800s, German pharmacist Boehringer Ingelheim uncovered how to mass-produce lactic acid when he realized it was a byproduct of fermented sugar and starch in sour milk via bacteria. "Lactic acid is a light peeling agent, depending on strength," says MacGregor. She also notes that it "can smooth out the skin, making it glow." You can find lactic acid in many of the same places other Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs) are found, including products that advertise that they contain AHAs but don't specify which they contain.

Lactic Acid is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy acid (or AHA) produced by fermentation of sugars. It is the alpha hydroxy acid most frequently used for peel products. Very useful to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells.

Lactic acid is produced by bacterial fermentation (various Lactobacilli) of carbohydrates (sugar, starch). Pure sucrose, glucose from starch, raw sugar beet juice is frequently applied. (mak)

Our Product with Lactic Acid


EXFOLIATION LIGHTENING & PROTECTION: When choosing Skin Lightening skincare products, using natural ingredients instead of hydroquinone should always be preferred. The skin Lightening Serum is a natural formulation to brighten uneven skin tone & protect overall skin health. It’s Infused with nature's most effective nutrients, Lactic acid, Mulberry extract & Tea Tree oil for exfoliating & reducing dark spots, patches & pigmentation; it also soothes the skin with a balanced natural pH level.


LACTIC ACID: Lactic Acid is the most well-known & researched among the AHA’s. It can gently slough off dead skin by breaking the bonds between the outer layer of skin cells and rejuvenate it by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells. It reduces the appearance of fine lines irregular, pigmentation & decreases enlarged pores. It has moisturizing and anti-aging properties, which makes skin smooth and even complexion; Also, the molecule of the acid makes it gentler.

Chemical Compounds in Lactic Acid:


Molecular formula CH3CH(OH)COOH

Rosehip Oil Chemical Structure

Lactic Acid Research Findings

Lactic acid is the second most well-known and most well researched among the AHAs. Lactic acid is probably one of oldest actives, about which women have noticed that it has some nice benefits to the skin.

Legend has it that in ancient Egypt Cleopatra bathed in sour milk. And yes, you guessed it right: sour milk is a major natural source of lactic acid.

As an AHA it’s also true of lactic acid that it can gently lift away dead skin cells revealing the fresher, smoother, nicer skin underneath (Huey-Chun Huang, 2020). This is an awesome property of AHAs, and this alone makes us a total fan!

But just like glycolic acid, lactic acid also knows some more. However, the “some more” is a bit different for the two of them. The differences stem from the fact that the molecule of lactic acid is larger.

Because of the larger molecule it can penetrate the skin less effectively. This means on the one hand that lactic acid is more gentle and on the other hand that the anti-aging properties are probably a little less effective.

While the collagen boosting ability of lactic acid is not so well proven there are studies that show that it also has great anti-aging properties (if used in the right concentration at the right pH).


A study (Choi, 2001)done in 1996 compared a 5% and a 12% lactic acid treatment and examined their effect on the outer (epidermis) and middle (dermis) layer of the skin. The result was that both treatments had nice exfoliation effect, but the 5% treatment only affected the epidermis while the 12% treatment affected both the dermis and the epidermis.

Lactic Acid for Skin

Lactic acid is a natural alpha hydroxy acid that is derived from milk. It removes the upper layers of skin and allows new, lighter skin to be revealed. In addition to helping with hyperpigmentation around your thighs, elbows, and underarms, it can also help promote collagen production and exfoliate other areas of your body like the hands and feet. (WebMD Editorial Contributors, Dan Brennan, MD, 2021) 

  1. Exfoliation: ( (Huey-Chun Huang, 2020) Just like other AHAs, lactic acid is known for its strong exfoliation action. It removes dead skin cells from the top layer of your skin, ensuring new cells get generated. Exfoliation is one of the most important aspects of skincare because if you let dead skin cells accumulate, it will lead to skin problems like a dull skin tone, acne, and even the appearance of fine lines. Lactic acid will get rid of the dead cells, ensuring your skin looks bright and is healthy from within.Lactic acid speeds up cell turnover and stimulates cell renewal—the process by which your skin sheds old cells and replaces them with new ones. (Sheau-Chung Tang 1, 2018) As a result, it gives you a brighter complexion, as well as smoother and softer skin.
  2. Moisturisation: (Spada F, 2018)When compared to its other members of the AHA family, the unique thing about lactic acid is that it moisturizes the skin. Research published in the journal Clinical, Cosmetic, and Investigational Dermatology found that lactic acid can actually mimic the skin’s own mechanism of moisturization and improve its ability to keep itself hydrated, thus preventing dry skin. Ensuring that the skin stays well-moisturized also minimizes the risk of fine lines. It helps improve the skin's natural moisture factor or the way it keeps itself hydrated.
  3. Collagen stimulation: (MDPI), (Yuki YAMAMOTO, 2006), (Barbara Algiert-Zielińska MSc, 2018) You see, we need collagen because it is a building block for the skin and ensures your skin stays youthful. After the age of 25, its production starts to decline. Turns out, you can apply lactic acid on your skin to stimulate collagen production! This will ensure that you stay clear of signs of aging. A little-known fact is that lactic acid is also an antioxidant; it can squelch heavy metals that may be present in water, preventing them from attacking healthy cells and releasing collagen-degrading enzymes.
  4. Reduces Hyperpigmentation: (SURGEONS, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC) If you’ve noticed hyperpigmentation on your skin, you should definitely look into lactic acid. Lactic acid can prove to be particularly helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and helping you even out your skin tone, primarily due to its exfoliation properties. There’s no doubt that lactic acid can be great for your dermatological health, but also keep in mind that it can cause sensitivity to the sun. Hence, apply it only during the night, and don’t leave your home without applying sunscreen the next morning. You can use lactic acid to boost your skin health with just a little care!

Lactic Acid for Face

Lactic Acid Can Significantly Reduce Breakouts and Fine Lines. (Today Medical News) Lactic acid strengthens skin’s barrier by encouraging it to make more ceramides, a key component of healthy skin, it’s often recommended for sensitive skin, although all skin types can use it. (Fabrizio Spada 1, 2018)    

Lactic acid also strongly influences skin’s microbiome, helping to keep its first line of defense strong by positively interacting with a neuropeptide in skin’s surface known as Substance P, resulting in quick diffusion of signs skin is stressed. (MDPI) (R. Sfriso, 2019)Its discoloration-fading results also apply to post-breakout marks involving excess melanin (skin pigment) and it helps hasten the fading of pink-to-red post-breakout marks. (Shokeen, 2016)

Lactic Acid for Acne:

Lactic acid and glycolic acid often are used to treat acne. Products that contain lactic acid include cleansers, creams, and lotions. It is often used in at-home peels and masks. The research evidence suggests that the time of exposure to lactic acid, as with the masks and peels, will contribute to how effective it is. (Sheau-Chung Tang1, 2018)

Lactic acid for Body

Lactic acid as an effective antimicrobial. Some research suggests that lactic acid and probiotic supplements can help with sensitive skin. By teaming up to fix certain inflammatory reactions, they can both give a microbial balance to the skin. While probiotics promote more in-depth regulation by balancing the gut, lactic acid works alongside them as a treatment for moderate skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and acne. (WebMD Editorial Contributors,Dan Brennan, MD, 2021)

Beyond the face, lactic acid is often incorporated into body lotions. Most notably, it’s used to treat keratosis pilaris, a.k.a. “chicken bumps” that appear on the backs of your arms or on the legs. The skin condition is harmless but is often bothersome. Lactic acid can take care of these little bumps, says Dr. Hollmig, but you must apply the lotion regularly long-term for best results. (MIGALA, 2020)

Lactic Acid vs. Other Acids

If you're wondering how it differs from other acids, like, say, glycolic acid, the lactic acid molecule is actually larger, so it can't penetrate as deeply—instead, you're getting more surface treatment (polishing, firming, exfoliating goodness). This is good news for those with sensitive skin, though, who'll likely be able to tolerate its effects better. This isn't just good news for people with sensitive skin, though, because it means lactic acid is also less likely than glycolic or salicylic acid to cause irritation and disrupt the pH of your skin barrier. So pretty much anyone can use it. If you're someone with acneic skin who needs a lot of exfoliations, you can alternate your use of lactic acid with the use of something deeper like salicylic, which will clear off dead skin (FAITH XUE, 2022) and deep clean your pores.

Uses Of Lactic Acid

Typical use level is between 1-20%.

Lactic acid up to a maximum level of 2.5% and a pH ≥ 5

How to use

The lactic acid exfoliant step in your skincare routine is done once or twice daily after cleansing and toning. After application, you can follow with your other leave-on products, finishing with sunscreen during the day and moisturizer (if needed) at night.

Lactic acid for underarms - does it really work?

Sweating is a part of our daily life. We all have around four million sweat glands to balance our temperature and release toxins. Without sweat, we can easily overheat and cause serious harm to our bodies.The breakdown of sweat

There are two main sweat glands within our body: eccrine sweat glands that produce watery and salty sweat, and apocrine sweat glands that are found in areas of our body like armpits and groins. Bacteria tend to live where our apocrine sweat glands are located, and when we produce sweat, this bacterium breaks down the chemicals; its output creates both discoloration and an unmistakable scent. Our armpits have a normal pH balance of 5.5, but when bacteria live and thrive where our apocrine sweat glands are, the imbalance can seem like an uphill battle.

There are tricks and trades as old as time to cure the smells and stains that come with sweat, especially when it comes to underarms, and one of the hottest ingredients on the market includes Lactic acid.

Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid which can easily penetrate your skin and remove dead skin cells. When using Lactic acid, benefits include:

  • Lighter skin, especially in discolored areas
  • New cell growth stimulation
  • Balanced pH levels

While lighter skin and stimulated cell growth is great news for those who have darker underarms, one of the most powerful perks of Lactic acid is its ability to balance your armpit’s pH levels. Lactic acid’s penetration can easily restore balance to your armpits, dislodging the bacteria breaking down your sweat, to create a fresh and odorless environment. It has worked wonders for people with a variety of skin types and has quickly become one of the hottest products on the market.

A harsh exfoliant applied to your skin—especially an area as sensitive as underarms—can create irritation, hyperpigmentation, and other damaging effects. More than just a warning for those with sensitive skin, over-applying acid to your body on a daily basis easily does more harm than good.

Treatment Regime//TIPS

Lactic acid, alongside other AHAs, increases

 (US Food & Drug Administration, 2022)the skin’s sensitivity to the sun. As a result, people should always wear sunscreen if they incorporate an AHA into their skin care routine.Important: Do not use lactic acid pure and undiluted; the solution

is highly acidic and can lead to skin irritation and skin burns. External use only. Please note that when using this ingredient

regularly in skin care products, the skin will be very sensitive and needs to be protected from the sun, wearing sunscreen or any

other protection. Follow all directions on the product label or ask the Doctor for a dosage.

Precaution:

The American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD) suggests that a person tests the skin care products by:

  1. Applying the product to a test spot, such as the bend of the elbow or the underside of the arm. People should do this twice a day for 7–10 days, using the same amount and thickness they would be using if they were applying the product normally.
  2. Leaving the product on for as long as the packet instructions suggest.
  3. Using the product if no irritation or inflammation occurs.

Frequently Asked Questions: 

  • Do I need lactic acid in my skincare?

Lactic acid has a few benefits for skin. This alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) removes dead skin cells, lightens dark spots, and improves the look of fine lines and wrinkles on all skin types—including sensitive skin. Lactic acid is used in over-the-counter (OTC) skin care products and professional treatments.

  • Does lactic acid brighten skin?

Through its exfoliating action, lactic acid is used to swipe away dead skin cells, brighten complexion, lighten hyperpigmentation, and improve the appearance of fine lines. Different than other acids, it's also moisturizing, which is why you'll see it show up across skincare products.

  • What skin type is lactic acid best for?

Lactic acid works on all skin types, however is particularly beneficial for sensitive, dry and mature skin. “It should be one of the first exfoliating acids people go to if they are more sensitive or cautious about exfoliating.

  • Is lactic acid better for oily or dry skin?

Glycolic Acid may be better tolerated by normal to oily skin types, and is often advised for uneven skin texture since it may penetrate deeper into the skin layer. Lactic Acid, on the other hand, is a milder exfoliant that can be ideal for dry or sensitive skin.

  • Canlacticacidbe usedonthe body?

Lactic acid is a gentle yet effective exfoliating ingredient for rough, dry skin anywhere on the body, especially scaly skin on your legs, bumpy skin on the backs of your arms, elbows, knees and calluses.

  • Does lactic acid tighten pores?

Alpha hydroxy acids like glycolic acid and lactic acid can have a retexturizing effect on the skin. Using products that contain these ingredients may help to reduce the appearance of enlarged pores by helping to sweep away dead skin cells, oil and other debris that has built up inside pores and on the skin's surface.

  • Is lactic acid an AHA or BHA?

Lactic acid is another common AHA. Unlike other AHAs made from fruits, lactic acid is made from lactose in milk. It's also known for its significant exfoliation and anti-aging effects.

  • How often should you apply lactic acid?

Start by following the instructions on the packaging—many advise using lactic acid every other night, or even once or twice a week. Slight tingling or redness is normal, but if you experience anything more intense, talk to your derma. Layer on a moisturizer.

  • Do I moisturize after lactic acid?

Lactic acid is a time-tested exfoliator that provides deep hydration and helps smooth out fine lines and wrinkles. To incorporate lactic acid into your skincare routine, start with a cleanser, followed by serum, and then moisturizer.

  • Is lactic acid safe to use in pregnancy?

AHA treatments are safe to use during pregnancy. However, a person should speak with a dermatologist before undergoing treatments if they are pregnant

  • Is lactic acid safe to use alongside other anti-aging products?

People can alternate using products containing lactic acid with other anti-aging products, such as vitamin C and Retinoid creams.

  • How long does lactic acid take to work?

The length of time it takes lactic acid to work depends on the product and the intensity of the chemical peel.

  • Who should use lactic acid?

Anyone with acne prone skin. Just remember to do a patch test first, to detect any side effects or further irritability to the skin.

  • What is lactic acid best known for?

Lactic acid is best known for its exfoliating properties; however, it boasts other benefits as well.

  • Does lactic acid help clear skin?

Lactic acid is a type of AHA present in many exfoliating skin care products. It removes the top layer of the dead skin cells and can help improve skin texture, reduce dark spots, smooth fine lines, and cleanse pores.

  • Do you leave lactic acid on overnight?

Many skincare experts recommend going slow when you first start using lactic acid, but ours is gentle enough for regular use. But because of its restorative properties, it's best to use lactic acid at night. See our previous blog for serious overnight skincare.

  • Is lactic acid better than hyaluronic acid?

While lactic acid will remove those dead skin cells, hyaluronic acid nourishes the skin. There are many overlaps in the uses of these two 'acids,' but the two key differences are: Lactic acid can be used to treat acne, whereas hyaluronic acid cannot;

  • Do you apply lactic acid on wet skin?

No, you apply to dry skin directly after cleansing and follow with your other products.

  • Is lactic acid as good as retinol?

Lactic Acid can be a great alternative to retinol for clients who cannot use retinol or cannot tolerate a retinol nightly, for its smoothing, brightening benefits. If your skin can tolerate it, you will experience the best results if both products are incorporated in your routine.

  • Does lactic acid make skin sensitive to the sun?

Like other AHAs, lactic acid increases sun sensitivity, so you should never use them in the morning.

  • Does lactic acid make skin glowy?

It brightens Skin. Exfoliation can revive your skin, taking it from dull and tried to glowing and healthy. With lactic acid sweeping away your dead skin cells, you'll find your complexion looks visibly brighter and your skin tone appears even.

  • Does lactic acid get rid of dark circles?

The most frequently used peels for dark circles are arginine and lactic acid peels.

  • Do dermatologists recommend lactic acid?

"Lactic acid is the preferred acid for sensitive skin," Dr. Jaliman says. Still, like other AHAs, you should be cautious when trying lactic acid for the first time. Experts suggest not using products that contain lactic acid when using retinol, since the combination could cause redness.

  • How many lactic acid peels to see results? 

Your best bet in this case would be using a Lactic Acid peel, 1-2 times per week. Lactic acid is less irritating and drying then Glycolic Acid, and helps skin retain moisture better.

  • How much percentage of lactic acid is good for skin?

When using lactic acid in 12% concentrations, the skin gets firmer and thicker. As a result, there is an overall smoother appearance and fewer fine lines and deep wrinkles.



Suggested Research Papers for Further Reading:

Barbara Algiert-Zielińska MSc, P. M. (2018, 09 30). Lactic and lactobionic acids as typically moisturizing compounds. Lactic and lactobionic acids as typically moisturizing compounds. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14202


Sheau-Chung Tang1, 2. a.-H. (2018, 04 10). Dual Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Skin. doi:10.3390/molecules23040863

References:

  • (n.d.). Retrieved from makingcosmetics.com Barbara Algiert-Zielińska MSc, P. M. (2018, 09 30). Lactic and lactobionic acids as typically moisturizing compounds. Lactic and lactobionic acids as typically moisturizing compounds. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14202
  • Choi, E. H. (2001, 03). The effects of topical α‐hydroxyacids on the normal skin barrier of hairless mice. The effects of topical α‐hydroxyacids on the normal skin barrier of hairless mice(Pubmed). doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04011.x
  • Fabrizio Spada 1, T. M. (2018, 10 15). Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin's own natural moisturizing systems. Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin's own natural moisturizing systems. doi:10.2147/CCID.S177697
  • FAITH XUE, R. N. (2022). Keratosis Pilaris: What It Is and How to Treat It. BYRDIE. Retrieved from https://www.byrdie.com/keratosis-pilaris
  • Huey-Chun Huang, I. J.-M. (2020). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Acid for Skin Health and Melanogenesis Inhibition, 21(7), 11. doi:10.2174/1389201021666200109104701
  • Huey-Chun Huang, I. J.-M. (2020). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Acid for Skin Health and Melanogenesis Inhibition. Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Acid for Skin Health and Melanogenesis Inhibition, 21(7), 12. doi:10.2174/1389201021666200109104701
  • MIGALA, J. (2020). Lactic Acid Is the Gentle AHA Your Skincare Routine Needs, According to a Dermatologist. Prevention.com. Retrieved from https://www.prevention.com/beauty/skin-care/a32743734/what-is-lactic-acid/ R. Sfriso, c. a. (2019, 12 25). Revealing the secret life of skin ‐ with the microbiome you never walk alone. doi:10.1111/ics.12594
  • Root, R. W., & Irving, L. (1943). THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND LACTIC ACID ON THE OXYGEN-COMBINING POWER OF WHOLE AND HEMOLYZED BLOOD OF THE MARINE FISH TAUTOGA ONITIS (LINN.). The Biological Bulletin, 84(3), 207-212.Sheau-Chung Tang1, 2. a.-H. (2018, 04 10). Dual Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Skin. doi:10.3390/molecules23040863
  • Shinoda, H., Asou, Y., Suetsugu, A., & Tanaka, K. (2003). Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Biodegradable Copolymer, Poly(aspartic acid‐co‐lactic acid). Macromolecular Bioscience, 3(1), 34-43.Shokeen, D. (2016, 01). National Library Of Medicine. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in patients with skin of color. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26919365/
  • Spada F, B. T. (2018, 08 15). Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin’s own natural moisturizing systems, 6. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S177697
  • Spada F, B. T. (2018, 06 19). Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin’s own natural moisturizing systems. Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin’s own natural moisturizing systems, 2018:11, 6. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S177697
  • Specialchem. (n.d.). LACTIC ACID. INCI Directory. Retrieved from https://cosmetics.specialchem.com/inci-ingredients/lactic-acid SURGEONS, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC. (n.d.). AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC SURGEONS. Retrieved from https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/chemical-peel/light
  • Today Medical News. (n.d.). Uses and benefits of lactic acid in skin care. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lactic-acid-for-skin
  • US Food & Drug Administration. (2022). Alpha Hydroxy Acids. fda.gov. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/alpha-hydroxy-acids
  • WebMD Editorial Contributors, Dan Brennan, MD. (2021). What to Know About Lactic Acid for Skin Care. WebMD. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/beauty/lactic-acid-for-skin-care
  • Yuki YAMAMOTO, K. U. (2006, 02 10). Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on the human skin of Japanese subjects: The rationale for chemical peeling. Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on the human skin of Japanese subjects: The rationale for chemical peeling. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00003.x


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  • Am very glad to share this testimony with everyone for the marvelous work Dr Osalu has done for my life, 9 months ago i was diagnosed with herpes virus and ever since then i have been very unhappy, i was so down broken everyday, until one day when i came across a shocking testimony about how Dr Osalu cured someone of his herpes virus, without wasting much time i contacted him immediately on his email address: drosaluherbalhome@gmail.com and after i explain myself to him about how terrible i have been, and he assure me that he will help me to cure my herpes virus,after he has prepared the herbal medicine he sent it to me and when i have received it and started using it i was totally cure within 2 weeks, i am forever grateful to Dr Osalu for helping me out with his herpes prescription that cured my virus. contact his email address: drosaluherbalhome@gmail.com or you can call or whatsApp his Mobile number:+2348078668950.

    Posted by donna albert | June 17, 2024

  • I have been suffering from Herpes for the past 1 years and 8 months, and ever since then I have been taking series of treatment but there was no improvement until I came across testimonies of Dr. Silver on how he has been curing different people from different diseases all over the world, then I contacted him as well. After our conversation he sent me the medicine which I took according to his instructions. When I was done taking the herbal medicine I went for a medical checkup and to my greatest surprise I was cured from Herpes. My heart is so filled with joy. If you are suffering from Herpes or any other disease you can contact Dr. Silver today on this Email address: drsilverhealingtemple@gmail.com or Whatsapp +2348120513902

    Posted by emily faye | June 17, 2024

  • Am very glad to share this testimony with everyone for the marvelous work Dr Osalu has done for my life, 6 months ago i was diagnosed with herpes virus and ever since then i have been very unhappy, i was so down broken everyday, until one day when i came across a shocking testimony about how Dr Osalu cured someone of his herpes virus, without wasting much time i contacted him immediately on his email address: drosaluherbalhome@gmail.com and after i explain myself to him about how terrible i have been, and he assure me that he will help me to cure my herpes. virus,after he has prepared the herbal medicine he sent it to me and when i have received it and started using it i was totally cure within 2 weeks, i am forever grateful to Dr Osalu for helping me out with his herpes prescription that cured my virus. contact his email address: drosaluherbalhome@gmail.com or you can call or whatsApp his Mobile number +2348078668950 

    Posted by donna albert | June 17, 2024

  • I am amazed by Dr Aba herbal remedy. I Have had herpes for over 6 years with frequent outbreaks. Sometimes average 2-3 times per month. Before one breakout could end, the next would begin. Nothing has helped me. I came online in search for a possible way to see how I can fight this virus so I found Dr Aba here online after seeing a lot of testimonies of how he cured herpes and other diseases with natural herbs so I decided to give it a try, I only took his remedy for two weeks and I was completely cured. I recommend Dr Aba remedy to anyone suffering from herpes that wants to be completely cured too. email: dr.abaherbalhome@gamil.com and for quick response Message him on his whatsapp number +2348107155060

    Posted by chery | June 15, 2024

  • I am so happy, i never believe i will be this happy again in life, I was working as an air-hoster ( cabby crew ) for 3years but early this year, i loose my job because of this deadly disease. called Herpes virus (HSV), I never felt sick or have any symptom, till all workers were ask to bring their doctors report, that was how i got tested and i found out that am HSV positive that make me loose my job, because it was consider as an STD and is incurable disease, i was so depress was thinking of committing suicide, till i explain to a friend of mine, who always said to me a problem share is a problem solved, that was how she directed me to Dr Aba, that was how i contacted him and get the medication from this doctor and i got cured for real, I just went back to my work and they also carry out the test to be real sure and i was negative. Please contact this doctor if you are herpes positive or any STD diseases his email is: dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com or you can call or whatsApp his mobile number on +2348107155060

    Posted by reyes sandra | June 15, 2024

  • AN AMAZING REMEDY FOR HSV 1 & 2. It’s so unbelievable how wonderful herbs can be. when I first saw a post that said that a man have a perfect cure for HSV 1&2, i was like could this be real or some kind of scam but due to my eagerness to be cured I took the risk of contacting him, he gave me reasons to believe he is a real herbalist so I followed all his instructions on how to take the drugs for 14 days and now all my test results shows HSV 1&2 (-) negative , Dr Aba have the most safe cure for herpes and other stubborn virus which are HSV 1&2,STI,STD just name it he has the cure for them all. Contact him via his personal email address which is dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com . Trust me you will like this method, it’s safe, cheap and easy. Do well to let others know about this.

    Posted by emily jade | June 15, 2024

  • I’m here to testify about the great work Dr Aba did for me. I have been suffering from (HERPES) disease for the past 5 years and had constant pain, especially in my knees. During the first year, I had faith in God that i would be healed someday.This disease started circulating all over my body and i have been taking treatment from my doctor, few weeks ago i came across a testimony of one lady on the internet testifying about a Man called Dr Aba on how he cured her from Herpes Simplex Virus. And she also gave the email address of this man and advise anybody to contact him for help for any kind of sickness that he would be of help, so I emailed him telling him about my (HERPES Virus) he told me not to worry that i was going to be cured!! Well i never believed it,, well after all the procedures and remedy given to me by this man few weeks later i started experiencing changes all over me as Dr Aba assured me that i will be cured,after some time i went to my doctor to confirmed if i have be finally healed behold it was TRUE, So friends my advise is if you have such sickness or any other at all you can contact Dr Aba via email dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com You can also call or whatsApp his telephone number on +2348107155060. Thanks once again Dr Aba. 

    Posted by susan | June 14, 2024

  • Hello people all over the world I want to share my experience with herpes and how I was cured from it using herbal meds. I contracted the virus from my ex and was in lost of hope because they all say it has no cure, I never believed that I could be cured until I meant this great man a herbalist called Dr Excel who knows about ancients herbs. He prepare the herbal medicine for me which I drink for several days, my lab tests all came back negative after I finish with the medicine and all the sores were gone. I want you’ll with herpes to know that all hope is not lost. you can contact this herbal man on his web address https://excelherbalcure.com you can also whatsapp him on +1 509 883 9893

    Posted by Salomi | June 12, 2024

  • I was cured of HSV with the use of natural herbs. I love herbs so much. Most times, injections and drugs are just a waste of time. I suffered from HSV for 1yrs but with the help of Dr. Aba herbal medicine, I was cured within a Two weeks of drinking the herbs he sent to me through UPS courier delivery service. Have you taken herbs before?. You have spent so much money on drugs,injections,surgeries etc and yet you have no good result to show for it. Contact Dr. Aba now, he is a herbalist doctor, I assure you of a cure if you drink his natural herbs. Dr. Aba has herbs that cure Hiv, Herpes, diabetes, asthma, hepatitis, HBP, STD, cancer, chronic, etc. Contact Dr. Aba through his Email address on: dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com or WHATSAP/CALL him on +2348107155060

    Posted by monica | June 12, 2024

  • I was cured of HSV with the use of natural herbs. I love herbs so much. Most times, injections and drugs are just a waste of time. I suffered from HSV for 1yrs but with the help of Dr. Aba herbal medicine, I was cured within a Two weeks of drinking the herbs he sent to me through UPS courier delivery service. Have you taken herbs before?. You have spent so much money on drugs,injections,surgeries etc and yet you have no good result to show for it. Contact Dr. Aba now, he is a herbalist doctor, I assure you of a cure if you drink his natural herbs. Dr. Aba has herbs that cure Hiv, Herpes, diabetes, asthma, hepatitis, HBP, STD, cancer, chronic, etc. Contact Dr. Aba through his Email address on: dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com or WHATSAP/CALL him on +2348107155060

    Posted by monica | June 12, 2024

  • I was cured of HSV with the use of natural herbs. I love herbs so much. Most times, injections and drugs are just a waste of time. I suffered from HSV for 1yrs but with the help of Dr. Aba herbal medicine, I was cured within a Two weeks of drinking the herbs he sent to me through UPS courier delivery service. Have you taken herbs before?. You have spent so much money on drugs,injections,surgeries etc and yet you have no good result to show for it. Contact Dr. Aba now, he is a herbalist doctor, I assure you of a cure if you drink his natural herbs. Dr. Aba has herbs that cure Hiv, Herpes, diabetes, asthma, hepatitis, HBP, STD, cancer, chronic, etc. Contact Dr. Aba through his Email address on: dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com or WHATSAP/CALL him on +2348107155060

    Posted by monica | June 12, 2024

  • Get rid of all kinds of Herpes with Natural Root and Herb medication. I was once infected with Herpes Genital Warts and after using Dr Excel herbal Medicine for a couple of weeks I couldn’t trace it anymore because all the symptoms disappears totally and I even did a test severally and it came out Negative. Get Your cure today from him by visiting his website: https://excelherbalcure.com

    Posted by Miranda | June 11, 2024

  • I wanna share my experience on how I got cured from herpes through the help of Dr excel. I’ve suffered from herpes for the past three year and I’ve been trying and taking some antiviral medication but they were not working out for me until I saw a post about Dr Excel natural herbal remedy on the internet then I contacted him and he prepared and sent me the herbal medicine using DHL which I drink just as he ask me to and my problems was solved because I was totally cured and tested negative severally. he is a real traditional herbal doctor and he has cured a lot of people from herpes virus. Visit & Contact him on his website https://excelherbalcure.com and his Whatsapp +1 509 883 9893

    Posted by Janie | June 11, 2024

  • I am here to say a very big thanks to dr aba for making me a complete woman again, i was infected with Herpes for 2 years. I have been seriously praying to God and searching for a cure. I came here last month to search for solution to my problem and i saw comments of people talking about different doctors and God directed me to choose dr aba and i contacted Him, he sent me a medicine and directed me on how i will take the medicine for 14 days, i did so and went for a test and my result came out as Negative. i am so happy, i shared tears of happiness and i have taken it upon myself to always testify about how God used dr aba to solve my problem. I am a clean woman now, without any virus, if you are infected .with any disease like HIV, AIDS,CANCER, HERPES or any other disease you can also be happy like me by contacting dr aba through his Email: dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com or whatsapp him +2348107155060.

    Posted by susan | June 09, 2024

  • I am so happy, i never believe i will be this happy again in life, I was working as an air-hoster ( cabby crew ) for 3years but early this year, i loose my job because of this deadly disease. called Herpes virus (HSV), I never felt sick or have any symptom, till all workers were ask to bring their doctors report, that was how i got tested and i found out that am HSV positive that make me loose my job, because it was consider as an STD and is incurable disease, i was so depress was thinking of committing suicide, till i explain to a friend of mine, who always said to me a problem share is a problem solved, that was how she directed me to Dr Aba, that was how i contacted him and get the medication from this doctor and i got cured for real, I just went back to my work and they also carry out the test to be real sure and i was negative. Please contact this doctor if you are herpes positive or any STD diseases his email is: dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com or you can call or whatsApp his mobile number on +2348107155060

    Posted by reyes sandra | June 09, 2024

  • Greetings to everyone here online🤗. In 2020 during the time of coronavirus I had HSV1 which I have been looking for a way to cure. I didn’t see any herbal remedy to cure me. I worried both day and night that this disease shouldn’t take away my life at an early age. I did so much research online to cure my HSV1, I couldn’t find anyone who will help me. Exactly the day I went to the hospital to take my covid-19 injection my doctor told me what to write to get a good search online so I can find a herbal spell caster to get me cured. So I really did what the doctor says, so I went home to search for a cure online and I found a spell caster called Dr ughulu who prepared me herbal remedy to cure my HSV1 and covid-19 disease. He did everything within 24 hours. Now if you’re going through all kind of disease contact Dr ughulu phone number here: CALL NUMBER: +1(252) 409-1841 You can visit his website: https://drughulupowerfulsp.wixsite.com/my-site-ughulu email:drughulupowerfulspelltemple@gmail.com

    Posted by Elizabeth Lucas | June 09, 2024
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